30 Eyona mibuzo iqhele ukubuzwa kwiLinux

1. Yintoni iLinux?

I-Linux yinkqubo yasimahla kunye nevulelekileyo esekwe kwiUNIX. Yakhululwa okokuqala ngo-1991 yiLinux Torvalds. Injongo yokuphuhlisa iLinux yayikukubonelela simahla kunye nexabiso eliphantsi enye indlela kwiinkqubo zobunini njengeWindows kunye neMacOS.

2. Yintoni iLinux Kernel?

Ibhalwe ngolwimi lweprogram ye-C, i-Linux kernel ngundoqo wenkqubo ye-Linux. Yeyona nqanaba lisezantsi lesoftware enokunxibelelana nehardware. Idibanisa i-OS kunye ne-hardware ephantsi kwaye ivumela unxibelelwano phakathi kwezi zibini.

I-kernel yenza le misebenzi ilandelayo:

• Ilawula izixhobo zehardware eziphantsi.
• Indulula kwaye ilawule usetyenziso.
• Ilawula izixhobo ze-OS kuquka i-RAM, i-CPU, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwediski.

3. Yintoni iGRUB?

I-GRUB (i-Grand Unified Bootloader) yi-bootloader esuka kwiprojekthi ye-GNU. Yinkqubo enoxanduva lokulawula inkqubo yokuqalisa. Ngokusisiseko, ithatha indawo kwi-BIOS ekuqaleni kwenkqubo kwaye ilayisha i-kernel kwimemori ephambili. I-kernel ke ilayisha inkqubo yokusebenza kunye namalungu ayo.

Isikrini se-GRUB splash yeyona nto uya kuyibona kwiscreen sakho nje ukuba inkqubo iqalile. Ibonisa imenu elula ebonelela ngeenketho ezimbalwa zokuqalisa.

4. Ngawaphi aMalunga aBalulekileyo eLinux?

Isixokelelwano seLinux siqulathe la malungu alandelayo:

• I-Kernel - Le yinxalenye ephambili yenkqubo ye-Linx elawula amacandelo e-hardware kunye nezicelo kwinqanaba le-OS.
• Shell – Le yitoliki ebonelela ngojongano lomgca womyalelo owamkela imiyalelo ekhutshwe ngebhodi yezitshixo kwaye iyigqithisele kwi-OS ukuze iphunyezwe.
• GUI – Esi sisifinyezo se-Graphical User Interface. Iquka amacandelo emizobo abathi abasebenzisi baxhamle ukusebenzisana nenkqubo. Ezi ziquka idesktop, iifestile, ii-icon, amaqhosha, iibar zemisebenzi, kunye nee pop-ups.
• Iinkqubo zesicelo – Ezi ziinkqubo zesoftware ezifakwe kwinkqubo yeLinux eyenza imisebenzi ethile. Umzekelo iFirefox web browser, VLC media player, LibreOffice suite, nezinye ezininzi.

5. Yintoni oonokrwece abasetyenziswa kwiLinux?

Amaqokobhe aqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiLinux abandakanya:

• bash [Bourne Again Shell] – Eli liqokobhe elihlala lihleli kuninzi lweenkqubo zeLinux.
• zsh [Z Shell] – Eli liqokobhe elihlala lihleli kwi-Kali Linux kunye ne-macOS. Yakhelwe phezulu kwe-bash kunye neepakethi ezineempawu ezongezelelweyo ezifana nokulungiswa kopelo, inkxaso ye-plugin, ukulungiswa okungcono, njl.
• ksh [Korn Shell] – Eli liqokobhe lolwimi lokuprograma olukwinqanaba eliphezulu.
• csh [C Shell] – I-syntax yayo iboleka kakhulu kulwimi lwenkqubo lwe-C. Iluncedo kakhulu kuye nabani na onolwazi lwenkqubo ye-C.

6. Yintoni i-Swap Space kwi-Linux?

Indawo yokutshintsha ibhekisa kwisithuba kwi-hard drive esongezo se-RAM okanye inkumbulo yomzimba. Isetyenziswa yinkqubo xa umthamo we-RAM uphantse uphelelwa kwaye awusakwazi ukuxhasa usetyenziso olusebenzayo. Indawo yokutshintsha igcina iinkqubo ezongezelelweyo ezingasenakuphinda ziqwalaselwe yi-RAM.

7. Indlela yokujonga ukusetyenziswa kweMemori yeLinux?

Oku kulandelayo yeminye yemiyalelo esetyenziswa kakhulu yeLinux ongayisebenzisa ukujonga ukusetyenziswa kwememori yenkqubo yakho.

• mahala – Bonisa isixa sememori esimahla nesetyenzisiweyo kwisistim.
• phezulu-Umboniso oqhuba iinkqubo zeLinux kunye nokusetyenziswa.
• htop – Imonitha yenkqubo esebenzayo, umbukeli wenkqubo, kunye nomphathi wenkqubo.
• vmstat – Bonisa iinkcukacha-manani zenkumbulo.

Ukujonga ukusebenza kwememori yeLinux kunye nokusetyenziswa, sebenzisa:

$ free  -m
$ top
$ htop
$ vmstat

8. Ujongwa njani usetyenziso lweSithuba seDiski yeLinux?

Ukusetyenziswa kwesithuba seDiski kunokutshekishwa kusetyenziswa i-df kunye nemiyalelo ye-du.

Umyalelo we-df (mfutshane kwidiski esimahla) usetyenziswa ukubonisa isithuba esipheleleyo nesikhoyo sedisk sendlela zefayile kwindlela yakho. Isetyenziswa rhoqo nge -Th iinketho zokubonisa imveliso kwifomathi efundeka ngumntu.

$ df -Th

Umyalelo we-du (mfutshane wosetyenziso lwediski) ubonisa usebenziso lwesithuba sefayile kulawulo. Ilandelela indawo ehlala iifayile kunye nabalawuli. Okufana nomyalelo we-df, i-du isetyenziswa nge -h ukhetho lokubonisa imveliso kwifomathi efundeka ngumntu.

$ du -h

9. Yintoni i-Inode kunye ne-PID?

I-inode sisakhiwo sefayile egcina imetadata yeefayile kwi Linux. Imethadatha ibandakanya ubungakanani befayile, iimvume ezifunekayo ukufikelela kwifayile, umsebenzisi kunye neqela le-ID, isitampu sexesha lokudala, kunye nendlela eya kwifayile.

Inombolo ye-inode linani elilodwa okanye inani elipheleleyo elinikwe kwifayile nganye kwindlela ye Linux.

$ ls -li ravi.txt 

1594567 -rwxrwxr-x 1 tecmint tecmint 0 Oct 28 10:58 ravi.txt

I-1594567 yinombolo ye-inode kunye -i iflegi ibonisa i-inode yefayile ye-ravi.txt.

I-PID (I-ID yeNkqubo) sisazisi esisodwa esinikwe kwinkqubo nganye esebenzayo kwinkqubo yeLinux. Singasebenzisa umyalelo wepidof ukufumana inkqubo ye-ID yayo nayiphi na inkqubo esebenzayo.

$ pidof firefox

40982

10. Yintoni iiDaemon?

IiDaemon ziinkqubo zenkonzo ezisebenza ngasemva ngaphandle konxibelelwano lomsebenzisi. Babonelela ngokusebenza kwezinye iinkqubo kwaye bajongane nezicelo zamaxesha athile kwaye bazigqithisele kwizicelo ezifanelekileyo zokwenziwa.

11. Yintoni iNkqubo States kwi Linux?

Kwi-Linux, inkqubo ngumzekelo wenkqubo esebenzayo okanye inkonzo. Kukho iimeko ezine zenkqubo. Ngalo naliphi na ixesha, inkqubo iya kuba kuyo nayiphi na kwezi ndawo zilandelayo:

• Ilungile: Inkqubo sele yenziwe kwaye ilungele ukusebenza.
• Ukuqhuba: Inkqubo iyaphila okanye iyaphunyezwa.
• Yeka: Inkqubo igqityiwe ukusebenza kwaye yapheliswa yinkqubo yokusebenza.
• Yima: Inkqubo ilindele igalelo labasebenzisi.
• Zombie: Inkqubo iyekile, kodwa ulwazi lusekho kwitheyibhile yenkqubo.

Ukujonga inkqubo yeLinux sebenzisa umyalelo weps njengoko kubonisiwe.

$ ps a

Uluhlu lwe-STAT lubonisa indlela yokusebenza yenkqubo.

12. Yintoni i-GUI?

I-GUI sisishunqulelo se-Graphical User Interface. Ezi zizinto zomzobo wenkqubo yeLinux ebandakanya iiwindow, ii-icon, iimenyu, amaqhosha, iibar zomsebenzi, kunye nokunye okuninzi.

I-GUI yenza kube lula ukusebenzisana nenkqubo kwaye ithandwa kakhulu ngabaqalayo okanye abaqalayo abangenabuchule ekusebenzeni kwi-CLI.

13. Yintoni i-CLI?

I-CLI sisishunqulelo se-Command Line Interface. Olu lujongano oluvumela abasebenzisi ukuchwetheza imiyalelo kwiqokobhe elinikezwe yi-terminal. I-CLI isetyenziswa kakhulu ngabasebenzisi beLinux abanamava okanye abalawuli benkqubo kunye neenjineli.

I-CLI yindlela ekhethiweyo yokulawula inkqubo kuba isebenzisa izixhobo ezincinci zenkqubo, ngokungafaniyo ne-GUI enomthombo ophezulu ophezulu.

14. Yintoni iAkhawunti eyiNgcambu?

Le yeyona akhawunti inethamsanqa kwinkqubo yeLinux. Ikuvumela ukuba ulawule ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yeLinux. Unokwenza phantse nantoni na oyifunayo kubandakanya ukuphucula inkqubo, ukufaka kunye nokukhupha iipakethe zesoftware, ukudala kunye nokususa abasebenzisi, uqwalaselo lweenkonzo, nokunye okuninzi.

Kwizinikezelo ezininzi zeLinux, uya kucelwa ukuba wenze iakhawunti yengcambu ngexesha lofakelo.

15. Yintoni i-Open Source Software?

Uphawu lwesoftware engumthombo ovulekileyo luthetha ukuba ujonga ikhowudi yemvelaphi, uyiguqule kwaye uyisasaze kwakhona kwabanye abasebenzisi ngaphandle kwezithintelo zelayisensi. Abanye abasebenzisi baya kuba kwindawo yokwenza utshintsho olongezelelweyo kuquka ukulungisa iimpazamo kunye nokulungisa iimpazamo kwikhowudi yomthombo.

Ngokwenyani, isoftware yomthombo ovulekileyo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwaye ke inceda wonke umntu.

16. Yintoni iMiyalelo yoLawulo lweLinux?

Oku kulandelayo yeyona miyalelo ingundoqo yeLinux:

• pwd – Umyalelo ubonisa uvimba weefayili osebenzayo ngoku okanye indlela yakho yolawulo lwangoku.
• ls – Lo myalelo udwelisa imixholo yolawulo.
• cd – Oku kukuvumela ukuba utshintshe ukusuka kolunye uluhlu uye kolunye.
• mkdir – Umyalelo wenza ulawulo olutsha olungenanto.
• rmdir – Umyalelo ucima okanye ususa ulawulo olungenanto.
• rm – Isusa ifayile enye okanye ezininzi. Isetyenziswa ngo -R ukhetho ukususa uvimba weefayili ongenanto.

17. Yintoni uMsebenzi woKwalathisa ngokutsha?

Ukwalathisa kwakhona yinkqubo yokuthumela imveliso yomyalelo wokuqala kwenye ifayile. Ukongeza, isetyenziselwa ukwalathisa imveliso njengegalelo kwenye inkqubo.

Kwi-Linux, ulwalathiso lolunye ulwalathiso luphunyezwa kusetyenziswa nokuba \>\ (enkulu-kunophawu) okanye \|\ (umbhobho) othumela imveliso esemgangathweni. womyalelo omnye komnye umyalelo njengegalelo elisezantsi.

18. Zeziphi iindlela ezahlukeneyo zeVim?

Umhleli we-vim ubonelela ngeendlela eziphambili zilandelayo:

• Imo yesiqhelo/Imo yomyalelo – Le yimowudi engagqibekanga xa uvula ifayile entsha okanye esele ikhona. Kule modi, ungasebenzisa imiyalelo enjengokuhlehlisa, phinda, kwaye uncamathisele.
• Imo yokufaka – Le mowudi ikuvumela ukuba uchwetheze okubhaliweyo.
• Imo ebonwayo - Le mowudi ikuvumela ukuba ukhethe okubhaliweyo ukuze ukwazi ukwenza eminye imisebenzi ngayo efana nekopi, ukusika okanye ukuncamathelisa.

19. Yintoni isibizo?

Njengoko igama libonisa, iziteketiso zifana neendlela ezimfutshane ezisetyenziselwa ukumela umyalelo (okanye iseti yemiyalelo) owenziweyo okanye ngaphandle kweenketho zesiko.

$ alias

20. Udwelisa njani zonke iiNkqubo eziSebenzayo kwiLinux?

Ukudwelisa zonke iinkqubo ezisebenzayo kwinkqubo yeLinux, sebenzisa lo myalelo:

# ps aux

Umyalelo udwelisa zonke iinkqubo ezisebenzayo ngoku, ukuquka iinombolo zabo zePID (Process ID).

21. Yintoni i-Soft Link?

Ikhonkco elithambileyo, elikwabizwa ngokuba likhonkco lomfuziselo, liyafana nendlela emfutshane yefayile kwinkqubo yokusebenza yeWindows. Iqulethe umendo wefayile kwaye hayi imixholo yayo.

Ikhonkco elithambileyo lingadityaniswa nokuba yifayile okanye uvimba weefayili. Ukuba ifayile yokuqala isusiwe, ikhonkco elithambileyo liyaphuka kwaye libizwa ngokuba yikhonkco lokuxhoma. Nangona kunjalo, ukususwa kwe-soft ngokwayo akuchaphazeli nantoni na.

Ukongeza, amakhonkco athambileyo anokunxibelelana kwiinkqubo zeefayile.

22. Yintoni uQhagamshelwano oluQilileyo?

Ikhonkco eliqinileyo yindlela emfutshane yefayile edibanisa imixholo eyiyo yefayile, ngokungafaniyo nekhonkco elithambileyo eliqulethe kuphela indlela yefayile. Ilingana nefayile yokuqala kwaye yabelana ngenombolo ye-inode efanayo njengefayile yokuqala.

Xa ifayile yemvelaphi ihlaziywa, imixholo yekhonkco enzima nayo ihlaziywa. Ukongeza, ikhonkco elinzima lihlala lingachaphazeleki nokuba ifayile yoqobo isusiwe.

I-drawback yekhonkco elinzima kukuba ayinakwenziwa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zefayile.

23. Ziziphi iiFayile ezifihlakeleyo kwiLinux?

Iifayile ezifihliweyo ziifayile ezilandelwa lichaphaza okanye ixesha. Ikakhulu iqulethe iifayile zoqwalaselo ezigcina idatha ebalulekileyo okanye useto. Ukujonga iifayile ezifihliweyo, sebenzisa ls umyalelo ngokhetho lwe -la.

$ ls -la

24. Zeziphi Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeeMvume kwiLinux?

Kukho iimvume zefayile ezi-3 ezahlukileyo kwiLinux:

• Funda (r) – Ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bafunde iifayile okanye badwelise uvimba weefayili.
• Bhala (w) – Ivumela umsebenzisi ukuba aguqule okanye ahlele iifayile.
• Phumeza (x) – Ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba basebenzise ifayile.

25. Zitshintsha Njani iiMvume zeFayile okanye uvimba weefayili?

Umyalelo we-chmod ngumyalelo olungisa iimvume zefayile okanye ulawulo.

Ilandela i-syntax ebonisiweyo.

# chmod [OPTIONS] [permissions] file

Umzekelo. Ukwabela iimvume ze-octal 755 (zonke iimvume kumnini kunye nokufunda nokubhala iimvume kumalungu eqela kunye nabo bonke abantu) kwifayile ebizwa ngokuba yifayile1.txt, sebenzisa umyalelo.

# chmod 755 file1.txt

26. Yintoni uMyalelo weGrep?

I-Grep sisixhobo somgca womyalelo wokukhangela kunye nokuthelekisa iifayile zeteksti okanye imigca kwifayile yokubhaliweyo. Kuthatha iinketho kunye neeparameters ezisetyenziselwa ukukhohlisa okanye ukuphucula imveliso yokukhangela.

Kuthatha le syntax ilandelayo:

$ grep [options] pattern [files]

Lo myalelo ulandelayo ubala inani lezenzeko zoluhlu lwamagama ‘Unix’ kwifayile1.txt.

$ grep -c "Unix" file1.txt

27. Ukuphelisa njani iNkqubo yokuSebenza kwiLinux?

Ukuphelisa okanye ukubulala inkqubo, sebenzisa umyalelo wokubulala olandelwa yiPID yenkqubo.

Umyalelo we-ps uya kukunceda ukuba uchonge i-PID yenkqubo.

$ kill PID

Ukuphelisa inkqubo engaphenduliyo, dlula i--9 ukhetho olubonisiweyo

$ kill -9 PID

Ukubulala inkqubo ngegama, sebenzisa umyalelo we-killall olandelwa yinkqubo yegama. Umzekelo, ukuphelisa inkqubo yeFirefox, sebenzisa lo myalelo:

$ killall firefox

28. Uyiqhuba njani iMithetho emininzi kumyalelo omnye?

Ukusebenzisa imiyalelo emininzi omnye emva komnye kumyalelo omnye, ungasebenzisa nokuba isemi-kholoni ;, ampersand kabini &&, okanye || > iisimboli.

• X Y – Oku kuqhuba imiyalelo X kunye no-Y nokuba uphumelele kangakanani na u-X.
• X && Y – Oku kuqhuba u-Y ukuba kwaye kuphela ukuba u-X uqhuba ngempumelelo.
• X || Y – Oku kuqhuba u-Y ukuba kwaye kuphela ukuba u-X akaphumelelanga.

29. Jonga ixesha elide kangakanani i-Linux System isebenze?

Ukuqinisekisa ixesha okanye ukuba isixokelelwano sisebenze ixesha elingakanani, sebenzisa ngokulula umyalelo wexesha lokuphumla njengoko kubonisiwe.

$ uptime

12:09:11 up  2:49,  2 users,  load average: 0.62, 0.97, 0.88

30. Ulujonga njani ulwazi lweNkqubo yeLinux?

Ukujonga ulwazi olusisiseko lwenkqubo efana negama le-kernel kunye noguqulelo, igama lomninimzi, kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza, sebenzisa umyalelo we-uname usebenzisa i- -a ukhetho njengoko kubonisiwe.

$ uname -a

Linux tecmint 5.15.0-53-generic #59~20.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Thu Oct 20 15:10:22 UTC 2022 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

Kuyavunywa ukuba, olu aluloluhlu olubanzi lwayo yonke imibuzo yodliwano-ndlebe onokuthi ujongane nayo kwigumbi lodliwano-ndlebe. Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ujongane nale mibuzo yodliwanondlebe ukuvavanya ukuqonda kwakho okusisiseko kwenkqubo yeLinux. Konke okuhle njengoko ulungiselela udliwano-ndlebe lwakho.

Ngaba siphoswe nayiphi na imibuzo ebalulekileyo ye-Linux yodliwano-ndlebe? Ucinga ntoni ngale mibuzo? Ukuba unayo nayiphi na imibuzo yodliwano-ndlebe yenza ukwabelana nabo kwizimvo ezingezantsi.